Big Bang Theory Essays - Physical Cosmology, Big Bang, Universe

Big Bang Theory Essays - Physical Cosmology, Big Bang, Universe Big Bang Theory Informative Essay 4-22-00 Freshman English 1 Big bang theory It is always a mystery about how the universe began, whether if and when it will end. Astronomers construct hypotheses called cosmological models that try to find the answer. There are two such models: the Big Bang theory and the Steady State model. Because of many observational evidences, the Big Bang theory best explains the creation of the universe. The Big Bang model postulates that about 15 to 20 billion years ago, the universe violently exploded into being, in an event called the Big Bang. Before the Big Bang, all of the matter and radiation of our present universe was packed together in an extremely hot, dense state. During the Big Bang, the matter and radiation of that early stage rapidly expanded and cooled. Several million years later, it condensed into galaxies. The universe has continued to expand, and the galaxies have continued moving away from each other ever since. Today, it has been observed that the universe is still expanding. The Steady State model says that the universe does not evolve or change with time. There was no beginning in the past, nor should there be any changes in the future. This model assumes the perfect cosmological principle; that the universe is the same everywhere on the large scale, at all times. It maintains the same average density of matter and energy forever. There is much observational evidence that proves the Big Bang model is more reasonable than the Steady State model. For example, the observed red shifts of distant galaxies. Red shift is a Doppler effect that occurs when an object, such as a galaxy, is moving away from the observer. The spectral line of the galaxy will have a shift to the red end of the light spectrum. The faster the galaxy moves, the farther the shift. If the galaxy is moving closer, the spectral line will be shifted toward the blue end. If the galaxy is not moving, there is no shift at all. However, as astronomers have observed, the more distant a galaxy is from Earth, the more red shifted it is on the spectrum. This means the further a galaxy is, the faster it is moving. This all implies that the universe is expanding, and the Big Bang model is more reasonable than the Steady State model. Another supporting piece of evidence is the radiation produced by the Big Bang. The Big Bang model predicts that the universe should still be filled with a small remnant of radiation left over from the original violent explosion. The almost instantaneous expansion would have sent strong short-wave radiation in all directions into space. In time, that radiation would spread out, cooled, and filled the expanding universe uniformly. By now it would strike Earth as microwave radiation. In 1965 physicists Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson detected microwave radiation coming equally from all directions in the sky, day and night, year round. This radiation is assumed to be the radiation that was produced by the Big Bang. This casts serious doubt on the Steady State model. The Steady State cannot explain the existence of this radiation, so the model is thought to be wrong in explaining the beginning of the universe. Now that the Big Bang model has been shown to better fit observational evidence, it can be explained in greater detail. Around 15 to 20 billion years ago, time began. The points that were to become the universe exploded in the primeval fireball called the Big Bang. The exact nature of this explosion may never be known. However, recent theoretical breakthroughs, based on the principles of quantum theory, have suggested that space, and the matter within it, masks an infinitesimal realm of utter chaos, where events happen randomly, in a state called quantum weirdness. Before the universe began, this chaos was all there was. At some time, a portion of this randomness happened to form a bubble, with a temperature in excess of 10 to the power of 34 degrees Kelvin. Being that hot, naturally it expanded. For a brief and short period, billionths of billionths of a second, it inflated. At the end of the period of inflation, the universe may

Word Choice Proscribe vs. Prescribe - Proofread My Paper

Word Choice Proscribe vs. Prescribe - Proofread My Paper Word Choice: Proscribe vs. Prescribe How big a difference can one letter make? Well, if its a choice between having a â€Å"bowl of chili† or a â€Å"bowel of chili,† we’re pretty sure which one we’d pick. Definitely preferable. (Image: Carstor/wikimedia) Likewise, confusing â€Å"proscribe† and â€Å"prescribe† in your written work, although less painful, would be pretty disastrous. This is because â€Å"proscribe† and â€Å"prescribe† are actually opposites, despite looking similar written down. Make sure you know what each words means. Proscribe (To Forbid) To â€Å"proscribe† something is to forbid it or make it illegal, usually because it’s harmful: The sale of alcohol was proscribed throughout the United States. Not everyone took the ban that seriously, though While â€Å"proscribe† is a verb, the noun form is â€Å"proscription† (i.e., a ban upon something) and the adjective is â€Å"proscriptive† (i.e., the quality of banning something). Prescribe (To Make a Rule) As mentioned above, â€Å"prescribe† is the opposite of â€Å"proscribe.† As such, it means â€Å"set down as a rule† and applies mainly to recommending something: Safety guidelines prescribe wearing protective goggles. Or doggles, if youre of the canine persuasion. Another common use of â€Å"prescribe† is in medicine, where it refers to approving a course of treatment: It turned out it was an allergy, so the doctor prescribed antihistamines. In both cases, the noun form is â€Å"prescription.† Something which sets down rules to be followed, meanwhile, can be described as â€Å"prescriptive† (like how this blog post is â€Å"prescriptive† about using the word â€Å"prescribe†). Proscribe or Prescribe? It’s understandable that these words get confused, because the prefixes â€Å"pro-† and â€Å"pre-† can both mean â€Å"beforehand† or â€Å"in advance.† This is how they’re used in â€Å"proscribe† and â€Å"prescribe,† since both words refer to setting down rules to govern behavior. The difference is that â€Å"proscribe† means setting down rules about what not to do, while â€Å"prescribe† means setting rules for recommended behavior. Remember: Proscribe = Forbid or make illegal Prescribe = Recommend or set as a rule Keep in mind that the â€Å"pro-† in â€Å"proscribe† is the same as in â€Å"prohibit,† which also means to â€Å"forbid† or â€Å"ban† something. Likewise, if you think of a doctor’s prescription pad, you can remember that â€Å"prescribe† means â€Å"recommend a course of action†.